SPACE 100 BILLION EARTHLIKE PLANETS IN AS GALAXY DISCOVERIES TO CONQUER INFINITE HIGH BUSINESS -SPACE CORPORATIONS HOLDING- PROJECT SPACE LAW RULE.

22/10/2011 16:53
 

SPACE 100 BILLION EARTHLIKE PLANETS IN AS GALAXY DISCOVERIES TO CONQUER INFINITE HIGH BUSINESS –WORLD SPACE CORPORATIONS HOLDING- PROJECT SPACE LAW RULE..

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UN Actual Space Law Status Inform.

https://www.oosa.unvienna.org/oosa/en/SpaceLaw/treatystatus/index.html

NASA U.S. Government Space Business Acts.

https://www.nasa.gov/offices/ogc/commercial/Comm_subst_areas_text.html

U.S. Gov. Space Acts, Constitution 10th Amendment and Art. VI Space Conquer Business Jurisprudence and Jurisdiction Laws.

https://www.thespacereview.com/article/2305/1

Astronomers estimate 100 Billion Earthlike Planets in The Milky Way and 50 Sextillion in the Universe.

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/152573-astronomers-estimate-100-billion-habitable-earth-like-planets-in-the-milky-way-50-sextillion-in-the-universe

 

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https://www.kepler.nasa.gov/

NASA Announces 1,235 Planet Candidates, Some in Habitable Zone, and a 6-Planet System
02.01.2011
NASA's Kepler mission has discovered its first Earth-size planet candidates and its first candidates in the habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. Five are both near Earth-size and orbit in the habitable zone of their stars. The discoveries are part of several hundred new planet candidates identified in new Kepler mission science data, released on Tuesday, Feb. 1. The findings increase the number of planet candidates identified by Kepler to-date to 1,235. 170 stars show evidence of multiple planetary candidates. Kepler-11 has the most confirmed transiting planets ever discovered and all six of its planets have orbits smaller than Venus, and five of the six have orbits smaller than Mercury's.



1,235 Planet Candidates and Their Stars
To learn more, click on image.


February 2011 Kepler Data Release:
Scientific Publication by William J. Borucki et al: Characteristics of planetary candidates observed by Kepler, II: Analysis of the first four months of data (PDF, 4.66 MB). See also the Abstract from the Astrophysical Journal.
Bill Borucki's Press Conference Slides (version 2; March 2011) (Power Point, 12.05 MB)
Press Conference Still Images
Press Conference Animations
Table of False Positives (Plain Text, 62 KB)--machine-readable (CSV) version of Table 4 in the Data Release paper above by Borucki et al. See explanation of the columns in the table (Plain Text, 2 KB).
Kepler-11 Planetary System
Kepler Discoveries page
See this newsconference on YouTube along with the follow-up question session.
Michael Mewhinney/Rachel Hoover Feb. 2, 2011 Ames Research Center, Moffett Field, Calif. 650-604-3937/650-604-0643 michael.s.mewhinney@nasa.gov, rachel.hoover@nasa.gov
RELEASE: 11-7AR
NASA FINDS EARTH-SIZE PLANET CANDIDATES IN HABITABLE ZONE, SIX PLANET SYSTEM
MOFFETT FIELD, Calif. -- NASA's Kepler mission has discovered its first Earth-size planet candidates and its first candidates in the habitable zone, a region where liquid water could exist on a planet's surface. Five of the potential planets are near Earth-size and orbit in the habitable zone of smaller, cooler stars than our sun.
Candidates require follow-up observations to verify they are actual planets. Kepler also found six confirmed planets orbiting a sun-like star, Kepler-11. This is the largest group of transiting planets orbiting a single star yet discovered outside our solar system.
"In one generation we have gone from extraterrestrial planets being a mainstay of science fiction, to the present, where Kepler has helped turn science fiction into today's reality," said NASA Administrator Charles Bolden. "These discoveries underscore the importance of NASA's science missions, which consistently increase understanding of our place in the cosmos."



Bill Borucki, Kepler PI


The discoveries are part of several hundred new planet candidates identified in new Kepler mission science data, released on Tuesday, Feb. 1. The findings increase the number of planet candidates identified by Kepler to-date to 1,235. Of these, 68 are approximately Earth-size; 288 are super-Earth-size; 662 are Neptune-size; 165 are the size of Jupiter and 19 are larger than Jupiter. Of the 54 new planet candidates found in the habitable zone, five are near Earth-sized. The remaining 49 habitable zone candidates range from super-Earth size -- up to twice the size of Earth -- to larger than Jupiter.
The findings are based on the results of observations conducted May 12 to Sept. 17, 2009, of more than 156,000 stars in Kepler's field of view, which covers approximately 1/400 of the sky.
"The fact that we've found so many planet candidates in such a tiny fraction of the sky suggests there are countless planets orbiting sun-like stars in our galaxy," said William Borucki of NASA's Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, Calif., the mission's science principal investigator. "We went from zero to 68 Earth-sized planet candidates and zero to 54 candidates in the habitable zone, some of which could have moons with liquid water."
Among the stars with planetary candidates, 170 show evidence of multiple planetary candidates. Kepler-11, located approximately 2,000 light years from Earth, is the most tightly packed planetary system yet discovered. All six of its confirmed planets have orbits smaller than Venus, and five of the six have orbits smaller than Mercury's. The only other star with more than one confirmed transiting planet is Kepler-9, which has three. The Kepler-11 findings will be published in the Feb. 3 issue of the journal Nature.
Kepler-11 Planetary System


Article by Lissauer et al in 2011 Feb 3 issue of Nature: A closely packed system of low-mass, low-density planets transiting Kepler-11
Jack Lissauer's Telecon Slides (Power Point, 15.47 MB)
Kepler-11 still images: Diagrams --||-- Artist's Concept
Kepler-11 Animation



Jack Lissauer, Kepler Co-Investigator


"Kepler-11 is a remarkable system whose architecture and dynamics provide clues about its formation," said Jack Lissauer, a planetary scientist and Kepler science team member at Ames. "These six planets are mixtures of rock and gases, possibly including water. The rocky material accounts for most of the planets' mass, while the gas takes up most of their volume. By measuring the sizes and masses of the five inner planets, we determined they are among the lowest mass confirmed planets beyond our solar system."
All of the planets orbiting Kepler-11 are larger than Earth, with the largest ones being comparable in size to Uranus and Neptune. The innermost planet, Kepler-11b, is ten times closer to its star than Earth is to the sun. Moving outward, the other planets are Kepler-11c, Kepler-11d, Kepler-11e, Kepler-11f, and the outermost planet, Kepler-11g, which is half as far from its star as Earth is from the sun.
The planets Kepler-11d, Kepler-11e and Kepler-11f have a significant amount of light gas, which indicates that they formed within a few million years of the system's formation.
"The historic milestones Kepler makes with each new discovery will determine the course of every exoplanet mission to follow," said Douglas Hudgins, Kepler program scientist at NASA Headquarters in Washington.



Location of planet Kepler-11


Kepler, a space telescope, looks for planet signatures by measuring tiny decreases in the brightness of stars caused by planets crossing in front of them. This is known as a transit. Since transits of planets in the habitable zone of sun-like stars occur about once a year and require three transits for verification, it is expected to take three years to locate and verify Earth-size planets orbiting sun-like stars.
The Kepler science team uses ground-based telescopes and the Spitzer Space Telescope to review observations on planetary candidates and other objects of interest the spacecraft finds. The star field that Kepler observes in the constellations Cygnus and Lyra can only be seen from ground-based observatories in spring through early fall. The data from these other observations help determine which candidates can be validated as planets.

On February 2, 2011, the Kepler team released a list of 1235 extrasolar planet candidates, including 54 that may be in the "habitable zone."[80][81] There were previously only two planets thought to be in the "habitable zone," so these new findings represent an enormous expansion of the potential number of "Goldilocks planets" (planets of the right temperature to support liquid water).[82] All of the habitable zone candidates found thus far orbit stars significantly smaller and cooler than the Sun (habitable candidates around Sun-like stars will take several additional years to accumulate the three transits required for detection).[83] Of all the new planet candidates, 68 are 125% of Earth's size or smaller, or smaller than all previously discovered exoplanets.[81] "Earth-size" and "super-Earth-size" is defined as "less than or equal to 2 Earth radii (Re)" [(or, Rp ≤ 2.0 Re) - Table 5].[71] Six such planet candidates [namely: KOI 326.01 (Rp=0.85), KOI 701.03 (Rp=1.73), KOI 268.01 (Rp=1.75), KOI 1026.01 (Rp=1.77), KOI 854.01 (Rp=1.91), KOI 70.03 (Rp=1.96) - Table 6][71] are in the "habitable zone."[80] A more recent study found that one of these candidates (KOI 326.01) is in fact much larger and hotter than first reported.[84]

Based on the latest Kepler findings, astronomer Seth Shostak estimates that "within a thousand light-years of Earth," there are "at least 30,000" habitable planets.[85] Also based on the findings, the Kepler team has estimated that there are "at least 50 billion planets in the Milky Way", of which "at least 500 million" are in the habitable zone.[86] In March 2011, astronomers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) reported that about "1.4 to 2.7 percent" of all sunlike stars are expected to have earthlike planets "within the habitable zones of their stars". This means there are "two billion" of these "Earth analogs" in our own Milky Way galaxy alone. The JPL astronomers also noted that there are "50 billion other galaxies", potentially yielding more than one sextillion "Earth analog" planets if all galaxies have similar numbers of planets to the Milky Way.[87]

Al Rovati.